Messenger RNA (mRNA) is a molecule that carries genetic instructions from DNA to cells, guiding protein production. Scientists explored mRNA’s potential for decades, aiming to develop treatments for cancer, HIV, and other diseases. The technology’s flexibility allows for rapid development of therapies by programming cells to produce specific proteins, like those triggering immune responses. Its success in COVID-19 vaccines highlighted its potential, earning the 2023 Nobel Prize in Medicine and opening doors to personalized medicine and innovative treatments.